# Models, theories, psych. norms ## Barriers/obstacles to effective giving: classification {% embed url="" %} "Breakdown of Barriers" {% endembed %} We focus on the 'barriers' or 'hurdles to giving effectively' among individuals who *already* engage in some charitable giving and other-regarding acts. Loosely, a donor would need to "jump over all of these hurdles" and cross each of these barriers in order to be giving effectively. ### Conceptual breakdown (I) **A conceptual breakdown of barriers:** * Base values may be (non) utilitarian: People are optimising their own 'X', which does not coincide with impact --> no puzzle? * Avoiding information about effectiveness: Even if people want to optimise impact, they may specifically dislike and avoid gathering information about effectiveness in a charitable giving setting * Presenting effectiveness information may backfire: E.g., if it switches off the 'generous part of the brain', gets people to think in a more 'market' mode, or makes people indecisive * Judgement/cognition failures, quantitative biases, information failure: People try but fail to optimize, and/or have persistent incorrect beliefs * Emotion overrides cognition: Our brain serves two masters, those decisions are not consistent * Identity and signalling: Effectiveness in giving clashes with our self-image/self-beliefs, or with how we want to appear to others * Systemic factors (and inertia): social systems leading to pressure and incentives from others to give to local or less-effective causes. Even if impact is a goal these systems take a long time to adjust. I present and discuss this breakdown, a more practical breakdown, and specific examples in each category in the [Barriers breakdown](https://daaronr.github.io/ea_giving_barriers/barriers-breakdown.html#barriers-concept) part of the synthesis. I go into further detail an (work to) present evidence on each of these in later sections of that site. (I plan to go through that work and extract only the key, most practical elements). These barriers are also mapped, and connected with tools and evidence in [this (other) Airtable](https://airtable.com/invite/l?inviteId=invfxhuOkmvi1DOKh\&inviteToken=cee3b07b80a8ec3d4a4ca146dfe5148cde17e637c156719822d8732fbff46e3c). See 'barriers' View {% embed url="" %} --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://globalimpact.gitbook.io/untitled/background/models-theories-psychological-norms.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.